# Formula-driven graphics

There are several excellent graphics packages provided for R. The `ggformula` package currently builds on one of them, `ggplot2`, but provides a very different user interface for creating plots. The interface is based on formulas (much like the `lattice` interface) and the use of the chaining operator (`|>`) to build more complex graphics from simpler components.

The `ggformula` graphics were designed with several user groups in mind:

- beginners who want to get started quickly and may find the syntax of `ggplot2()` a bit offputting,

- those familiar with `lattice` graphics, but wanting to be able to easily create multilayered plots,

- those who prefer a formula interface, perhaps because it is familiar from use with functions like `lm()` or from use of the `mosaic` package for numerical summaries.

## The basic formula template

The basic template for creating a plot with `ggformula` is

    gf_plottype(formula, data = mydata)

or, equivalently,

    mydata |> gf_plottype(formula)

where

- `plottype` describes the type of plot (layer) desired (points, lines, a histogram, etc., etc.),

- `mydata` is a data frame containing the variables used in the plot, and

- `formula` describes how/where those variables are used.

For example, in a bivariate plot, `formula` will take the form `y ~ x`, where `y` is the name of a variable to be plotted on the y-axis and `x` is the name of a variable to be plotted on the x-axis. (It is also possible to use expressions that can be evaluated using variables in the data frame as well.)

The first form of the tempate is useful for simple plots or for multi-layered plots where different layers use different data. The second form is useful for multi-layered plots or plots with many arguments.

Here is a simple example:

    library(ggformula)
    gf_point(mpg ~ hp, data = mtcars)

    mtcars |> gf_point(mpg ~ hp)

## Selecting the glyph type

The “kind of graphic” is specified by the name of the graphics function. All of the `ggformula` data graphics functions have names starting with `gf_`, which is intended to remind the user that they are formula-based interfaces to `ggplot2`: `g` for `ggplot2` and `f` for “formula.” Commonly used functions include

- `gf_point()` for scatter plots
- `gf_line()` for line plots (connecting dots in a scatter plot)
- `gf_density()` or `gf_dens()` or `gf_histogram()` or `gf_dhistogram()` or `gf_freqpoly()` to display distributions of a quantitative variable
- `gf_boxplot()` or `gf_violin()` for comparing distributions side-by-side
- `gf_counts()` for bar-graph style depictions of counts.
- `gf_bar()` for more general bar-graph style graphics

The function names generally match a corresponding function name from `ggplot2`, although

- `gf_counts()` is a simplified special case of `geom_bar()`,
- `gf_dens()` is an alternative to `gf_density()` that displays the density plot slightly differently
- `gf_dhistogram()` produces a density histogram rather than a count histogram.

Each of the `gf_` functions can create the coordinate axes and fill it in one operation. (In `ggplot2` nomenclature, `gf_` functions create a frame and add a layer, all in one operation.) This is what happens for the first `gf_` function in a chain. For subsequent `gf_` functions, new layers are added, each one “on top of” the previous layers.

## Attributes

Each of the marks in the plot is a glyph. Every glyph has graphical attributes (called aesthetics in `ggplot2`) that tell where and how to draw the glyph. In the above plot, the obvious attributes are x- and y-position:
We’ve told R to put `mpg` along the y-axis and `hp` along the x-asis, as is clear from the plot.

But each point also has other attributes, including color, shape, size, stroke, fill, and alpha (transparency). We didn’t specify those in our example, so `gf_point()` uses some default values for those – in this case smallish black filled-in circles.

### Specifying attributes

In the `gf_` functions, you specify the non-position graphical attributes using additional arguments to the function. Attributes can be set to a constant value (e.g, set the color to “blue”; set the size to 2) or they can be mapped to a variable in the data or some expression involving the variables (e.g., map the color to `sex`, so sex determines the color groupings)

Attributes are set or mapped using additional arguments.

- adding an argument of the form `attribute = value` sets `attribute` to `value`.
- adding an argument of the form `attribute = ~ expression` maps `attribute` to `expression`

where `attribute` is one of `color`, `shape`, etc., `value` is a constant (e.g. `"red"` or `0.5`, as appropriate), and `expression` may be some more general expression that can be computed using the variables in `data` (although often is is better to create a new variable in the data and to use that variable instead of an on-the-fly calculation within the plot).

The following plot, for instance,

- We use `cyl` to determine the color and `carb` to determine the size of each dot. Color and size are mapped to `cyl` and `carb`. A legend is provided to show us how the mapping is being done. (Later, we can use scales to control precisely how the mapping is done – which colors and sizes are used to represent which values of `cyl` and `carb`.)

- We also set the transparency to 50%. The gives the same value of `alpha` to all glyphs in this layer.

    gf_point(mpg ~ hp, color = ~cyl, size = ~carb, alpha = 0.50, data = mtcars)

### On-the-fly calculations

`ggformula` allows for on-the-fly calculations of attributes, although the default labeling of the plot is often better if we create a new variable in our data frame. In the examples below, since there are only three values for `carb`, it is easier to read the graph if we tell R to treat `cyl` as a categorical variable by converting to a factor (or to a string). Except for the labeling of the legend, these two plots are the same. In the second example, we see how the ggformula works well with data tranformations using `|>`.

    library(dplyr)
    gf_point(
      mpg ~ hp,
      color = ~ factor(cyl),
      size = ~carb,
      alpha = 0.75,
      data = mtcars
    )

    mtcars |>
      mutate(cylinders = factor(cyl)) |>
      gf_point(mpg ~ hp, color = ~cylinders, size = ~carb, alpha = 0.75)

## “One-variable” plots

For some plots, we only have to specify the x-position because the y-position is calculated from the x-values. Histograms, densityplots, and frequency polygons are examples. To illustrate, we’ll use density plots, but the same ideas apply to `gf_histogram()`, and `gf_freqpolygon()` as well. Note that in the one-variable density graphics, the variable whose density is to be calculated goes to the right of the tilde, in the position reserved for the x-axis variable.

    data(penguins, package = "palmerpenguins")
    gf_density(~bill_length_mm, data = penguins)

    gf_density(~bill_length_mm, fill = ~species, alpha = 0.5, data = penguins)

    # gf_dens() is similar, but there is no line at bottom/sides and the plot is not fillable
    gf_dens(~bill_length_mm, color = ~species, alpha = 0.7, data = penguins)

    # gf_dens2() is like gf_dens() but is fillable
    gf_dens2(
      ~bill_length_mm,
      fill = ~species,
      data = penguins,
      color = "gray50",
      alpha = 0.4
    )

Several of the plotting functions include additional arguments that do not modify attributes of individual glyphs but control some other aspect of the plot. In this case, `adjust` can be used to increase or decrease the amount of smoothing.

    # less smoothing
    penguins |>
      gf_dens(~bill_length_mm, color = ~species, alpha = 0.7, adjust = 0.25)
    #> Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
    #> (`stat_density()`).

    # more smoothing
    penguins |> gf_dens(~bill_length_mm, color = ~species, alpha = 0.7, adjust = 4)
    #> Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range
    #> (`stat_density()`).

## Learning more

To learn more about `ggformula`, see the longer version of this vignette available at https://www.mosaic-web.org/ggformula/. That version include sections on

- Adjusting position (stack, dodge, etc.)
- Faceting (coordinated subplots)
- Plot labeling (including using labels attached to the data by the `labelled` or `expss` packages)
- Chaining to create complext (multi-layer) plots
- Using jitter and transparency to deal with overplotting
- Additional plot types
- Using positions and stats
- Visualizing functions
- Maps
- Plotting distributions
- Global plot adjustments (themes, labels, etc.)
- Horizontal geoms